Determination of Escherichia C essays

Determination of Escherichia C essays In the experiment, the bacteria- E. coli were placed in two different sets of mediums Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth s optimal growth was in the incubated Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth. The reason for this is that BHI is a highly nutritious infusion medium recommended for the cultivation of fastidious organisms (i.e. E. coli) and prefers warmer temperatures for cultivation. Within their natural environment, bacteria go through periods of rapid growth when nutrients are plentiful and when conditions for growth are favorable, but slow growth occurs as nutrients become limited and conditions for growth are not favorable. The transitions between these two states can be mimicked in the laboratory by growth of bacteria in batch culture. The growth of bacteria refers to the increase in the number of cells in that population where as the generation time is the time that it takes for a cell to divide to produce two new daughter cells. After ...

Women Are Less Engaged in Criminal Activity Than Men

Women Are Less Engaged in Criminal Activity Than Men On Crime: Women Take the High Road Historically Women Are Less Engaged in Crimes Who knows why people commit crimes – maybe because they think they can get away with it. Maybe they’re just desperate, hard up for money, or doing it for the sheer thrill of taking the risk. In any case, people commit crimes every day: an ex-con robbing a convenience store, a businessman giving a client a much-needed, doctor-prescribed painkiller. It’s so easy to commit a crime that they go unnoticed and often without consequence. And if you look at human nature, you see how most of the ruthless criminals of ancient history have mostly always been men. Sure there’s been some women, but women are just less engaged in criminal activity than men. It comes down to anatomy and psychology, parental instincts and statistics. Male and Female Brains Let’s look at brain development for more insight into this argument, that women are less engaged in criminal activity than men. It has been documented that female’s brains develop about an average two years earlier than male brains, so that means a male’s brain develops much later than the female’s brain. It is also common knowledge that the male brain is not fully developed until the age of 25, especially the prefrontal cortex of the brain responsible for impulse control and decision-making. Why is this important? Because it shows how men – especially young men – are more likely to make bad life decisions, ones that most certainly lead to, or involve crime, even if only petty crimes. This is certainly an indication of how women are less engaged in criminal activity than men. With this said, women are also more likely to experience, and pursue, their parental instincts when compared to men – especially young men, 18 to 25, the age when too many young men are arrested for committing various crimes – underage drinking, drinking, and driving, drug possession, assault and battery, etc.; though some of the men being convicted are of course innocent, a majority of them were involved in a crime or crimes. Females – well, teenage girls – reach puberty before males (adolescent boys) do, and females mature much faster than men. While young women are looking for life partners, creating a future, a family, and a life, men their age certainly are not. Young men in their late teens, early 20s, are drinking and driving, doing drugs, taking risks – and frequently break the law. They are not thinking of these things – life partners, their future. Some are, of course, but until they are in their mid-20s, the brains of males are not fully developed like females, which illustrates how males may be more likely to engage in criminal activity than females. Speaking Statistics All you have to do to see that women are less engaged in criminal activity than men is look at the numbers of inmates in the American prison system. A graph on prisonpolicy.org shows the American prison population by gender, â€Å"United States Incarceration Rates By Sex, 2010.† The graph shows the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 people of that sex; it shows 126 females to 1,352 males. If more men are serving time in a penitentiary than women, clearly this is an indication of how more men are engaging in criminal activity than women. In conclusion, women do less crime than men. Consider the evidence – it comes down to anatomy, biology, and psychology; then there’s instincts, sexual vs. parental; and top of that, there are the numbers: there are many more men in prison than women; so men are more likely to engage in criminal activity. Or consider this notion – what if women are just better at hiding their criminal activity than men? It’s a very objective question to consider, and it is always important to consider the alternate school of thought, the other side of things. After all, things aren’t so black and white, more of a gray color, when mixed together. Nonetheless, the evidence illustrates that men are more engaged than women, in criminal activity. This is a problem our society must face with objectivity and compassion. Why is this so? It doesn’t have to be this way, however. There is always a better way to reach and teach young males and get them to steer away from drugs, alcohol abuse – crimes, essentially. There is a problem if the men of your community are in jail and not at home or at work providing for their families.

Samsung Galaxy XCover Snowfield Advert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung Galaxy XCover Snowfield Advert - Essay Example It is, arguably, the leading Smartphone manufacturer in the contemporary society. Cheil, a Chinese advertising company based in Beijing, China prepared the Samsung Galaxy X Cover Snowfield advert and published it in October 2011. The advertisement is a creative play of the idea that the Samsung X Cover device is so high-tech, that it will be the ultimate guide to the user even in destinations that they have never visited. In their words, ‘Just like you have been there.’ The mobile advert generally portrays a relatable mood of adventure and curiosity. The advert is rich in color from the subject matter to the general serene surrounding. On the Samsung Galaxy X Cover: Snowfield advert the setting is on the top cap of a mountain. The background is beautiful, bright and oozes an undeniable sense of natural tranquility. This is the ideal destination for explorers and tourists. For the free-spirited individuals, it is the epitome of a good time. The authors of this mobile adve rt clearly envisioned the young, fun-loving and free-spirited people as their target audience when they set out to create this advert. The subject in this advert is a young male who is set out to have the best skiing ride of his life (Hope 79). The angle focus is perfect for it clearly implies how the skiing will take place. The target audience for this advert relates to the setting since almost everyone has or strives for a dream destination or an adventurous quest. The appeal of pathos in this mobile advert is achieved by connecting.

Tanker Shipping Market Outlook Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tanker Shipping Market Outlook - Case Study Example Finally, there would be capacity issues imposed by seaway regulations associated with allowable freight sizes that could further limit profitability and competitive advantage. The business recognizes cost issues in proposing new strategies, evident in recognition of RFID investment and concerns over the pricing model after investing in RFID. Is diversification the most effective strategy to improve the competitive position and profitability of Great Lakes Carriers or should the business continue with its current operational model for iron ore freight? D. Conduct a research study on safety risks associated with railroad transport versus lake shipment to present to customers currently using railroad for grain deliveries and enhancing railroad market share in the process. Solution A would be the most viable to GLC. Purchasing the new fleet would not only serve new markets and improve profitability, but it would also give the business more assets. Leszczynski (2009) identifies that new ships maintain almost the same depreciated value after five years as at the time of purchase. Thus, the life cycle of these ships gives more asset protection and would also improve the capacity of Great Lakes Carriers to gain more market share. The low capacity ships required due to size restrictions by regulatory forces on the lakes cost approximately 43 million USD (UNCTAD, 2006). It is also common practice in the maritime shipping industry to hedge against potential risks, such as demand decreases, through Freight Forward Agreements (Kavussanos, 2003). This could help offset the one-time high investment as well as new market share improvements. GLC should consult with new and used ship sellers to identify the most practical solutions for procurement.  

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay We know this because Candy says ‘boss gives him hell when he’s angry’ about Crooks. Also, Curley’s wife is called ‘tart’ and ‘jail bait’ purely for being a woman. An air of bitterness hangs throughout the book, majorly from these two minor characters; both brought on by loneliness and lack of communication skills. The difference in these characters is that Curley’s wife is open about her loneliness, out looking for company, however Crooks isn’t so fond of letting people know he is lonely, he’d rather just let it go; this is until he finds that Lennie is actually good company, and it is better to have someone there to talk to. Another form of their bitterness is shown through their own mean comments, for example Curley’s wife is racist to Crooks, making the remark that shows her true feelings towards him and his race. Also, Crooks isn’t so kind to Lennie at the start of part 4, tormenting him about George, telling him he would get locked up if George never came back. Although in some ways Curley’s wife is higher up in society that Crooks, Crooks still has a job which women weren’t allowed, not on a ranch anyway. Though black, Crooks was still allowed to work and get paid, without having to marry just to have income. Curley’s wife is made to seem more of a threat by George: he tells Lennie to stay away from her and calls her vicious, sexist names, ‘tart’ and ‘jailbait’ and ‘trouble’. However he never makes comments about Crooks, or about how Lennie shouldn’t go near him, suggesting that he wouldn’t do as much harm to Lennie, or possibly that he is less important than Curley’s wife. Despite being seen as trouble, Curley’s wife could get Crooks in trouble even if he didn’t do anything, Crooks could not do this to her as she was seen as more important in the eyes of the law. Even not taking the law into consideration, the ranch hands probably viewed Crooks as more important, but being married to Curley, would probably have to treat Curley’s wife with more respect if she made accusations against Crooks. Throughout the book there is a parallel of dreams. This ties in with the American Dream, a dream that nearly everyone in America had, and was wildly advertised as ‘the American Way. ’ These two minor characters both had dreams, just like everyone else. However, unfortunately, they’ve both had their chance, Curley’s wife was offered a shot in Hollywood, and thinks that was it for her as she never got the reply she was hoping for. Crooks believes that he has already lived the dream throughout his childhood, so, just like Curley’s wife, he has no shot at a new dream. Themes play a large part in the structure of this novella, weaving in and out of the storyline the whole way through. Main themes like dreams and loneliness are featured the most; however nature, death and friendship also show. Social hierarchy played a large part in society in the 1930’s, as it still does, however not as prominently as back then. Anyone that wasn’t white was instantly looked down on and given fewer rights. Women were seen as sexual objects. With friendship playing a large part in the novella, loneliness also played a part. In particular, Crooks and Curley’s wife were lonely, Crooks is unable to show this at first whereas Curley’s wife is fully able as she is always looking for company. ‘The American Dream’, the major dream all across America to defeat the Great Depression, and to find a place of your own, earning a sufficient amount of money. It starts off just introducing to us the dream of George and Lennie: their dream, like everyone else’s, to get a place of their own and to ‘live of the fatta the lan’ ‘. This later progressed to having Candy involved. After the shooting of his beloved dog he realised that once he gets too old to work he will too be gotten rid of, not as brutally, but still ‘canned’. This also showed a theme of death, and lack of sentimentality. After Candy, Crooks finds an opening for him to join the dream, however soon backs down as he realises this isn’t the best idea. We also realise the dream of Curley’s wife: to be off somewhere in Hollywood, the opposite of where she is now, with someone she doesn’t even like never mind love. She is also lonely; it probably being her dream to have someone to talk to which she never has on a lonely ranch. ‘Soledad’, ‘solitaire’, ‘Weed’ all show ‘sol’- lonely, or ‘Weed’ being the place that George and Lennie lived, and a weed is a plant that no one wants. Bad language curses the novella, giving a real sense of the harsh reality of the 1930’s. ‘Nigger,’ ‘Son-of-a-bitch,’ ‘bastard’ are all words used throughout the book to describe characters in vulgar, often racist ways. Also ‘tart’, ‘jailbait,’ and ‘trouble’ are used to describe Curley’s wife, in the innocence of her life she must put up with these judgemental names that she doesn’t deserve just for having a less preferred gender. All of these curse words show the reality of the language used in ranch life, releasing any anger one had as a result of the hard times they were going through. Many of the men would rub off on each other, so language would only get worse. Crude language and swearing would circle the ranch until everyone was using it and it became a normal vocabulary for these poorly educated men. As well as using curse words, the way Steinbeck actually wrote the book helped to give a sense of the times. ‘†¦he had thin, pain –tightened lips, which were lighter than his face. ’ ‘Pain-tightened’ can only be describing the difficulty in Crooks’ life, he is so lonely and bitter that he has forgotten all communication, which must be such a difficult thing for a social being, however he stays quiet as he has no other option. As we know, racism was a large part of society. This was not only shown through the racist remarks that are made to Crooks throughout the book, but also how Crooks isn’t fully introduced until part four of the novella. This shows his lack of importance and meaning in the story, and that he is just a side character, merely helping to keep the ranch together, and that is it. Not anyone’s friend. Not any reason other than ‘the stable buck’s a nigger’ for him to be mentioned. When this minor character is introduced, he is introduced in such a way that we can straight away grasp his true personality and really understand who he is. His belongings show his inner personality, and his lack of hope to move on with his life, and that even though he is hardly mentioned as an important character, he is probably the most likely person on that ranch to never leave. Moving on from Crooks, Curley’s wife is also described in a way that says a lot about her visual appearance, showing that she probably cares more about what she looks like on the outside than what she is like on the inside. ‘She has full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made sup. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. ’ No match for ranch life, Curley’s wife enters the book also majorly in part four, displaying her unimportance. She makes a storm as she gives the unforgivable comment to Crooks, showing that she is not only heavily made up on the outside, but also heavily made up on the inside, in that she thinks she is better than him, and almost big headed. To conclude, I feel that the novella truly did show the hardship of the 1930’s, and what these men went through. The social + historical context, character description, language, themes and structure all piece together to make an unforgettably moving novella. I feel that the parallels through the book e. g. the book starting with life on the Salinas river, then ending with death in the same place, the parallels through George killing Lennie as he is a true friend who truly cares about him and wants the best for him. I feel that Crooks and Curley’s wife did say unforgivingly nasty things to others, however, given the times, probably didn’t mean a word of it, and were both trying to prove their status, showing that where you are in social hierarchy was very important to them as it was probably all they had left. I do sympathise for them as they are, like everyone else, in need of company. Overall, taking the title into account, no matter how big or small you are, fate is always against you.

Great Britain :: essays research papers

Britian and the colonies had tensions between each other from the time that the adventurous 1colonists wanted to branch out away from the powerful grip of Britian. Although Britian did not want to let the colonists start there own country they still believed that an extension to their country would be very beneficial to their economy and power. Britian had laws and taxes on the colonists that seemed unfair to the colonists; and they were, but they benefited Britian a great deal by extending their power further into the world. Now that the British had set up their colony and set down their rules and regulations the colonists felt that they were being treated unfairly and believed that they deserved more freedom than the British gave them. After such things as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act and the brutality of the Boston Massacre the colonists began to get restless and striving toward freedom from the higher power that ruled their every day. Protest groups began to rise from the disgruntled people, groups like the Committees of Correspondence. This group gave the people something to believe in. This group clearly told them that they had more rights than the British told them. Inevitably the colonists waged war on the mighty British government. This may have seemed to be a good choice; the British were unfair, so it seemed that the colonists had a right to declare their independence from Britain. And of course it seems to be a good dicision because the United States is now the most powerful country in the world. However was it a smart Christian dicision, what does the bible say about war and going against your own government. In the book of Romans it directly tells the reader that going against your government it is going against Gods will because the government was put there by God. So if this is the case the colonists were all heathens and the whole economy, society and culture of the United States was based on an unjust sinful idea. Yes, that would be true if the Bible did not have another portion specifically handling this sort of situation. In another section of the Bible it reads that a person must only follow a government if it is not leading the person away from God. So if a government directly disobeys Gods word then it is not right to follow its rule and teachings. Did the British do this? Yes, the British passed many different laws that would go against the biblical things like the Quebec Act and the many other unfair taxes and rules. When the British killed

Notes on solitude Essay

Solitude n. the state or situation of being alone. (syn. loneliness? , solitariness, isolation, seclusion, sequestration, withdrawal, privacy, peace) [Google] Solitude is a state of seclusion or isolation, i. e. , lack of contact with people. It may stem from bad relationships, loss of loved ones, deliberate choice,infectious disease,mental disorders,neurological disorders or circumstances of employment or situation (see castaway). Short-term solitude is often valued as a time when one may work, think or rest without being disturbed. It may be desired for the sake of privacy. A distinction has been made between solitude and loneliness. In this sense, these two words refer, respectively, to the joy and the pain of being alone. [wikipedia. org] â€Å"Our language has wisely sensed the two sides of being alone. It has created the word loneliness to express the pain of being alone. And it has created the word solitude to express the glory of being alone. † – Paul Tillich (Paul Johannes Tillich (August 20, 1886 – October 22, 1965) was a German-American Christian existentialist philosopher and theologian. ) [wikipedia. org] What is Solitude? By Hara Estroff Marano, published on July 01, 2003 – last reviewed on November 21, 2013 Loneliness is a negative state, marked by a sense of isolation. One feels that something is missing. It is possible to be with people and still feel lonely—perhaps the most bitter form of loneliness. Solitude is the state of being alone without being lonely. It is a positive and constructive state of engagement with oneself. Solitude is desirable, a state of being alone where you provide yourself wonderful and sufficient company. [http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/200308/what-is-solitude] â€Å"I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself. † ?Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre â€Å"If you’re lonely when you’re alone, you’re in bad company. † ?Jean-Paul Sartre â€Å"The more powerful and original a mind, the more it will incline towards the religion of solitude. † ?Aldous Huxley â€Å"I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity. † ?Albert Einstein â€Å"A man can be himself only so long as he is alone; and if he does not love solitude, he will not love freedom; for it is only when he is alone that he is really free. † ?Arthur Schopenhauer,Essays and Aphorisms â€Å"Whosoever is delighted in solitude, is either a wild beast or a god. † ?Aristotle â€Å"Loneliness is the poverty of self; solitude is richness of self. † ?May Sarton â€Å"I am now quite cured of seeking pleasure in society, be it country or town. A sensible man ought to find sufficient company in himself. † ?Emily Bronte,Wuthering Heights â€Å"Our language has wisely sensed these two sides of man’s being alone. It has created the word â€Å"loneliness† to express the pain of being alone. And it has created the word â€Å"solitude† to express the glory of being alone. Although, in daily life, we do not always distinguish these words, we should do so consistently and thus deepen our understanding of our human predicament. † ?Paul Tillich, The Eternal Now (Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1963 ) â€Å"According to greek mythology, humans were originally created with 4 arms, 4 legs and a head with two faces. Fearing their power, zeus split them into two separate parts, condemning them to spend their lives in search of their other halves. †? Plato â€Å"To Solitude O solitude! if I must with thee dwell, Let it not be among the jumbled heap. Of murky buildings; climb with me the steep,— Nature’s observatory—whence the dell, Its flowery slopes, its river’s crystal swell, May seem a span; let me thy vigils keep ‘Mongst boughs pavillion’d, where the deer’s swift leap Startles the wild bee from the fox-glove bell. But though I’ll gladly trace these scenes with thee, Yet the sweet converse of an innocent mind, Whose words are images of thoughts refin’d, Is my soul’s pleasure; and it sure must be Almost the highest bliss of human-kind, When to thy haunts two kindred spirits flee. † ?John Keats Etymology solitude (n. ) mid-14c. , from Old French solitude†loneliness† (14c. ) and directly from Latin solitudinem (nominativesolitudo) â€Å"loneliness, a being alone; lonely place, desert, wilderness,† from solus†alone† â€Å"Not in common use in English until the 17th c. † [OED] A man can be himself only so long as he is alone; †¦ if he does not love solitude, he will not love freedom; for it is only when he is alone that he is really free. [Schopenhauer, â€Å"The World as Will and Idea,† 1818] Solitudinarian†recluse, unsocial person† is recorded from 1690s. Happy the man, whose wish and care A few paternal acres bound, Content to breathe his native air, In his own ground. Whose heards with milk, whose fields with bread, Whose flocks supply him with attire, Whose trees in summer yield him shade, In winter fire. Blest! who can unconcern’dly find Hours, days, and years slide soft away, In health of body, peace of mind, Quiet by day, Sound sleep by night; study and ease Together mix’d; sweet recreation, And innocence, which most does please, With meditation. Thus let me live, unseen, unknown; Thus unlamented let me dye; Steal from the world, and not a stone Tell where I lye. Ode to Solitude, Alexander Pope.

Newfood Case

Newfood Case by Adrian Sanchez The correlation between Price and sales is large and negative for all three-time periods. What does this say about how prices Works? The correlation coefficient shows a measure of the linear relationship between these two variables. However, this association does not imply causation, meaning that the change in one variable is not caused by the change of the other one in the opposite direction. Yet, the increasing negative value of the correlation coefficients allows us to infer from these results that when the price rises sales will decrease.This argument is supported by the level of significance of each case less than 0,01. Explain the correlations between advertising and sales. What is happening to the advertising effect over time? Apparently based solely on the correlation numbers the advertising has a negative effect on sales over the time. However when the level of significance is analyzed, it turned evident that these numbers are way greater than the (0. 001) level of significance corresponding with a 99. % confident level. Hence they are not significant and it is safe to conclude that the correlation numbers between advertising and sales have no effect. Note that the inter-correlations between advertising location and prices are all zero. Why? This result support the experiment parameters established from the beginning, we were considering this variables as independents, meaning that there are no linear relationship among them, endorsing the design of the experiment.What do the regressions of sales variables (Sales1, Sales2, Sales3) using P, A and L as independent variables, imply about the effect of prices? Of advertising? Of Location? Effect of Price: As we stated in the question #1 there is a strong correlation between the prince and the sales numbers. An increment in price suggests a decrease in sales. So, based on this result, we may say that the market is price sensitive and the company should take into consideration the price variable when developing the final launch plan of the product. Significance level is below 0. 1 meaning a 99% of confidence level. Effect of Advertising: Due to a high significance level, p-value higher than 0. 01 not accomplishing the 99% or even 95% of confidence level, we may safely state that advertising has no effect on sales. Effect of Location: Due to a high significance level, p-value higher than 0. 01 not accomplishing the 99% or even 95% of confidence level, we may safely state that location has no effect on sales. Rerun adding income and volume. Do your judgments about the effect of price, advertising and location change? Why?When taking into consideration Income and Volume as additional values, my judgment does not change regarding the price and location effect. However, the impact of adding these two variables in the regression model make the advertising variable to become significant, and then having an effect in the actual outcomes of sales. In fact, only th e volume variable affect the advertising significance in this case, income variable is not significant at 99% confident level. After analyzing the correlation chart, we realized that volume & advertising are correlated (negatively).So the regression model fails to predict accurately the effect of advertising on sales. Since we have two â€Å"independent† variables correlated, we need to control for volume and vary the advertising variable in order to get the real effect of this last one on the final outcomes of sales. What additional regression runs if any, should be made to complete the analysis of this data? I would run the regression of the 6 months sales compiled as dependent variable and the others variables as independent (i. e. Price, advertising, location, Income, Volume).I would also dig deeper in the interaction between al the independent variables (Price, advertising, location, income and volume). It is very important to understand the real effect of advertising in this model, for that as aforementioned we need to run model in which volume is controlled in different scenarios checking the behavior on the advertising in order to measure its real effect on sales. If possible obtain an output of residuals. Check the residuals to identify observations that do not seem to fit the model. Why don’t they fit?They do not fit because perfectly because the initial regression model we are using is a linear model. Is very much likely that the relation between the independent variable and the dependent variable change the slope as the number increase or decreasing forming a curve in a YX chart. However the linear approximation seem to be very appropriate after looking after the shape of the data in the chart. Finally each independent variable has a different effect over the dependent variable, which makes the residuals also different, when compare among each other.

Database security and encryption Essays

Database security and encryption Essays Database security and encryption Essay Database security and encryption Essay Introduction Administrations are progressively trusting on the distributed information systems to derive productiveness and efficiency advantages, but at the same clip are going more vulnerable to security menaces. Database systems are an built-in constituent of this distributed information system and keep all the information which enables the whole system to work. A database can be defined as a shared aggregation of logically related informations and a description of this information, designed to run into the information demands of an organisation. A database system is considered as a aggregation of related informations, database direction system ( DBMS ) a package that manages ( define, create and maintain ) and controls the entree to the database, and a aggregation of database application ( s ) a plan that interacts with the database at some point in its executing ( typical illustration is a SQL statement ) along with the DBMS and the database itself [ 1 ] . Administrations have adopted database systems as the key informations direction engineering for decision-making and daily operations. Databases are designed to keep big sums of informations and direction of information involves both specifying constructions for storage of information and providing mechanisms for use of information. As the information is to be shared among several users the system must avoid anomalous consequences and guarantee the safety of the information stored despite system clangs and efforts at unauthorised entree. The informations involved here can be extremely sensitive or confidential, therefore doing the security of the informations managed by these systems even more important as any security breach does non impact merely a individual application or user but can hold black effects on the full administration. A figure of security techniques have been suggested over the period of clip to undertake the security issues. These can be classified as entree control, illation control, flux control, and encoding. 1.1 A Short History Get downing from the twenty-four hours one when database applications were build utilizing hierarchal and web systems to today s day of the month when we have so many different database systems like relational databases ( RDBMS ) , object-oriented databases ( OODBMS ) , object-relational databases ( ORDBMS ) , eXtended Query ( XQUERY ) ; one factor which was, is, and will be of the extreme importance is the security of the informations involved. Data ever has been a valuable plus for companies and must be protected. Organizations spend 1000000s these yearss in order to accomplish the best security criterions for the DBMS. Most of an organisations sensitive and proprietary informations resides in a DBMS, therefore the security of the DBMS is a primary concern. When we talk of procuring a DBMS, this is with regard to both the internal and the external users. The internal users are the organisation employees like database decision makers, application developers, and terminal users who m erely use the application interface, which fetch its informations from one of the databasesand the external users can be the employees who do non hold entree to the database or an foreigner who has nil to make with the organisation. The other factors which has made informations security more important is the recent rapid growing of the web based information systems and applications and the construct of nomadic databases. Any knowing or inadvertent event that can adversely impact a database system is considered as a menace to database and database security can be defined as a mechanism that protects the database against such knowing or inadvertent menaces. Security breaches can be classified as unauthorised informations observation, wrong information alteration, and informations inaccessibility, which can take to loss of confidentiality, handiness, unity, privateness, and larceny and fraud. Unauthorized informations observation consequences in revelation of information to users who might non be entitled to hold entree to such sort of information.A Incorrect data alteration intentional or unwilled leaves the database in an wrong province. Datas can halter the functionality of an full organisation in a proper manner if non available when needed. Thus the security in footings of databases can be loosely classified into entree security and internal security. Access security refers to the mechanisms implem ented to curtail any kind of unauthorised entree to the database ; illustrations can be authorization methods such as every user has a alone username and watchword to set up him as a legitimate user when seeking to link to the database. When the user tries to link to the database the login certificates will be checked against a set of usernames and watchword combinations setup under a security regulation by a security decision maker. Internal security can be referred to as an excess degree of security, which comes into image if person has already breached the entree security such as acquiring clasp of a valid username and watchword, which can assist acquiring entree to the database. So the security mechanism implemented within the database such as coding the informations inside the database can be classed as internal security, which prevents the information to be compromised even if person has got unauthorised entree to the database. Every organisation needs to place the menaces they might be subjected to and the later appropriate security programs and countermeasures should be taken, taking into consideration their execution costs and effects on public presentation. Addressing these menaces helps the endeavor to run into the conformity and hazard extenuation demands of the most regulated industries in the universe. 1.2 How Databases are Vulnerable Harmonizing to David Knox [ 2 ] , Procuring the Database may be the individual biggest action an organisation can take, to protect its assets . Most normally used database in an endeavor organisation is relational database. Data is a valuable resource in an endeavor organisation. Therefore they have a really strong demand of purely commanding and pull offing it. As discussed earlier it is the duty of the DBMS to do certain that the information is unbroken secure and confidential as it the component which controls the entree to the database. Enterprise database substructure is capable to an overpowering scope of menaces most of the times. The most common menaces which an Enterprise Database is exposed to are: Excessive Privilege Abuse when a user or an application has been granted database entree privileges which exceeds the demands of their occupation maps. For illustration an academic institute employee whose occupation merely requires merely the ability to alter the contact information for a pupil can besides alter the classs for the pupil. Legitimate Privilege Abuse legitimate database entree privileges can besides be abused for malicious intents. We have two hazards to see in this state of affairs. The first 1 is confidential/sensitive information can be copied utilizing the legitimate database entree privilege and so sold for money. The 2nd one and possibly the more common is recovering and hive awaying big sums of information on client machine for no malicious ground, but when the information is available on an end point machine instead than the database itself, it is more susceptible to Trojans, laptop larceny, etc. Privilege Elevation package exposures which can be found in stored processs, constitutional maps, protocol executions or even SQL statements. For illustration, a package developer can derive the database administrative privileges by working the exposures in a constitutional map. Database Platform Vulnerabilities any extra services or the operating system installed on the database waiter can take to an authorised entree, informations corruptness, or denial of service. For illustration the Blaster Worm which took advantage of exposure in Windows 2000 to make denial of service. SQL Injection the most common onslaught technique. In a SQL injection onslaught, the aggressor typically inserts unauthorised questions into the database utilizing the vulnerable web application input signifiers and they get executed with the privileges of the application. This can be done in the internal applications or the stored processs by internal users. Access to full database can be gained utilizing SQL injectionA A Weak Audit a strong database audit is indispensable in an endeavor organisation as it helps them to carry through the authorities regulative demands, provides research workers with forensics link interlopers to a offense discouraging the aggressors. Database Audit is considered as the last line of database defence. Audit informations can place the being of a misdemeanor after the fact and can be used to associate it to a peculiar user and mend the system in instance corruptness or a denial of service onslaught has occurred. The chief grounds for a weak audit are: it degrades the public presentation by devouring the CPU and disk resources, decision makers can turn off audit to conceal an onslaught, organisations with assorted database environments can non hold a uniform, scalable audit procedure over the endeavor as the audit procedures are alone to database waiter platform Denial of Service entree to web applications or informations is denied to the intended users. A simple illustration can be crashing a database waiter by working exposure in the database platform. Other common denial of service techniques are data corruptness, web implosion therapy, server resource overload ( common in database environments ) . Database Protocol Vulnerabilities SQL Slammer worm took advantage of a defect in the Microsoft SQL Server protocol to coerce denial of service conditions. It affected 75,000 victims merely over 30 proceedingss dramatically decelerating down general cyberspace traffic. [ Analysis of BGP Update Surge during Slammer Worm Attack ] Weak Authentication obtaining legitimate login certificates by improper manner contributes to weak hallmark strategies. The aggressors can derive entree to a legitimate users login inside informations by assorted ways: by repeatedly come ining the username/password combination until he finds the one which works ( common or weak watchwords can be guessed easy ) , by converting person to portion their login certificates, by stealing the login certificates by copying the watchword files or notes. Backup Data Exposure there are several instances of security breaches affecting larceny of database backup tapes and difficult discs as this media is thought of as least prone to onslaught and is frequently wholly unprotected signifier onslaught [ 3 ] . All these security menaces can be accounted for unauthorised informations observation, wrong informations alteration and informations inaccessibility. A complete information security solution must take into consideration the secrecy/confidentiality, unity and handiness of informations. Secrecy or confidentiality refers to the protection of informations against unauthorised revelation, unity refers to bar of wrong informations alteration and handiness refers to bar of hardware/software mistakes and malicious informations entree denials doing the database unavailable. 1.3 Security Techniques As organisations increase their acceptance of database systems as the key informations direction engineering for daily operations and decision-making, the security of informations managed by these systems has become important. Damage and abuse of informations affect non merely a individual user or application, but may hold black effects on the full organisation. There are four chief control steps which can be used to supply security of informations in databases. These are: Access Control Inference Control Flow Control Data Encoding Chapter 2 Literature Review Secure and secret agencies of communicating has been ever desired for in the field of database systems. There is ever a possibility of interception by a party outside of the sender-receiver sphere when information is transmitted. Modern digital-based encoding methods form the footing of today s universe database security. Encoding in its earlier yearss was used by military and authorities organisations to ease secret information but in present times it is used for protecting information within many sorts of civilian systems. In 2007 the U.S. authorities reported that 71 % of companies surveyed utilised encoding or some of their informations in theodolite [ 4 ] . 2.1 Encoding Encoding is defined as the procedure of transforming information ( plaintext ) utilizing an encoding algorithm ( cypher ) into indecipherable signifier ( encrypted information called as ciphertext ) doing it unaccessible to anyone without possessing particular cognition to decode the information. The encryption of the informations by a particular algorithm that renders the informations indecipherable by any plan without the decoding key , is called encoding [ 1 ] . The codification and cypher are the two methods of coding informations. The encoding of informations or a message is accomplished by one, or both, of the methods of encoding or coding. Each involves distinguishable methodological analysiss and the two are differentiated by the degree at which they are carried out. Encoding is performed at the word or block degree and trades with the use of groups of characters. Coding plants at the character degree. This includes scrambling single characters in a message, referred to as heterotaxy, and permutation, or replacing characters with others. Codes by and large are designed to replace full words or blocks of informations in a message with other words or blocks of informations. Languages can be considered codifications, since words and phrases represent thoughts, objects, and actions. There are codifications that replacement full phrases or groups of Numberss or symbols with others. A individual system may use both degrees of encoding. For il lustration, see a codification encoding strategy as follows: the = jam, adult male = barn, is = fly, unsafe = remainder. Then the message, the adult male is unsafe, would read in encrypted signifier, jam barn fly remainder. Although overly-simplistic, this illustration illustrates the footing of codifications. With the coming of electrical-based communications, codifications became more sophisticated in reply to the demands of the systems. For illustration, the innovations of Morse codification and the telegraph dictated a demand for unafraid transmittal that was more sophisticated. Codes are really susceptible to interrupting and possess a big exposure surface with respect to interception and decoding via analysis. Besides, there are no easily-implemented agencies by which to observe breaches in the system. The other method of encoding is the cypher. Alternatively of replacing words or blocks of Numberss or symbols with others, as does the codification, the cypher replaces single o r smaller sets of letters, Numberss, or characters with others, based on a certain algorithm and key. Digital information and information, including picture, sound, and text, can be separated into groups, or blocks, of spots, and so manipulated for encoding by such methods as XOR ( sole OR ) , encoding-decoding, and rotary motion. As an illustration, allow us analyze the rudimentss of the XOR method. Here, a group of spots ( e.g. , a byte ) of the information is compared to a digital key, and the exclusive-or operation is performed on the two to bring forth an encrypted consequence. Figure 2 illustrates the procedure. Figure 2: The XOR procedure for Encoding When the exclusive-or operation is performed on the plaintext and key, the ciphertext emerges and is sent. The receiving system performs the exclusive-or operation on the ciphertext and the same key, and the original plaintext is reproduced [ 5 ] . Encoding can be reversible and irreversible. Irreversible techniques do non let the encrypted informations to be decrypted, but at the same clip the encrypted informations can be used to obtain valid statistical information. Irreversible techniques are seldom used as compared to the reversible 1s. The whole procedure of conveying informations firmly over an insecure web system is called as cryptosystem that includes u An encoding key to code the information ( plaintext ) u An encoding algorithm that transforms the plaintext into encrypted information ( ciphertext ) with the encoding key u A decoding key to decode the ciphertext u A decoding algorithm that transforms the ciphertext back into plaintext utilizing the decoding cardinal [ 1 ] . 2.2 Encoding Techniques The ends in digital encoding are no different than those of historical encoding strategies. The difference is found in the methods, non the aims. Secrecy of the message and keys are of paramount importance in any system, whether they are on parchment paper or in an electronic or optical format [ 5 ] . Assorted encoding techniques are available and loosely can be classified into two classs ; asymmetric and symmetric encoding. In symmetric encoding the transmitter and receiving system portion the same algorithm and key for encoding and decoding and depends on safe communicating web for encoding cardinal exchange whereas in asymmetric encoding uses different keys for encoding and decoding. Asymmetrical encoding gave birth to the construct of public and private keys and is preferred to symmetric encoding being more secure [ 1 ] , [ 5 ] . 2.2.1 Symmetrical Encoding Symmetrical encoding besides known as single-key encoding or conventional encoding was the lone encoding and by far the most widely used of the two types before the construct of public-key encoding came into image. The figure below illustrates the symmetric encoding procedure. The original message ( plaintext ) is converted into seemingly random information ( ciphertext ) utilizing an algorithm and a key. The key is a value independent of the plaintext. The algorithm produces different end products for specific keys used at the clip i.e. the end product of the algorithm alterations if the key is changed. The ciphertext produced is so transmitted and is transformed back to the original plaintext by utilizing a decoding algorithm and the same key that was used for encoding. Figure: Simplified Model of Conventional Encryption [ 7 page 22 ] The theoretical account can be better understood by the undermentioned illustration. A beginning produces a message X = [ X1, X2, X3 aˆÂ ¦XM ] in plaintext. The M elements of Ten are letters in some finite alphabet. The alphabet normally consisted of 26 capital letters traditionally but today ; binary alphabet { 0,1 } is used. An encoding key K = [ K1, K2, K3 aˆÂ ¦.KJ ] is generated and is shared between the transmitter and the receiving system utilizing a secure channel. Besides a 3rd party can bring forth the encoding key and firmly present it to both the transmitter and the receiving system. Using the plaintext Ten and the encoding cardinal K as input, the encoding algorithm produces the ciphertext Y = [ Y1, Y2, Y3 aˆÂ ¦.YN ] as Y = EK ( X ) where Tocopherol is the encoding algorithm and the ciphertext Y is produced as the map of the plaintext X utilizing E. At the receiving system s terminal the ciphertext is converted back to the plaintext as Ten = DK ( Y ) where D is the decoding algorithm. Figure: Model of Conventional Cryptosystem [ 7 page 23 ] The common symmetric block cyphers are Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) , Triple DES, and Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) 2.2.1.1 The Data Encryption Standard Data Encryption Standard has been used in the most widely used encoding strategies including Kerberos 4.0. The National Bureau of Standards adopted it as a criterion in 1977 [ 7 ] . DES operates on 64-bit blocks utilizing a 56-bit key. Like other encoding strategies, in DES there are two inputs to the encoding map, the plaintext to be encrypted and the key. The plaintext should be of 64 spots in length and the cardinal length is 56 spots obtained by depriving off the 8 para spots, disregarding every 8th spot from the given 64-bit key. The end product from the algorithm after 16 unit of ammunitions of indistinguishable operations is the 64-bit block of ciphertext. A suited combination of substitutions and combinations ( 16 times ) on the plaintext is the basic edifice block of the DES. Same algorithm is used for both encoding and decoding except for treating the cardinal agenda in the contrary order [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . The 64-bit plaintext is passed through an initial substitution ( IP ) that produces a permuted input by rearranging the spots. This is followed by16 unit of ammunitions of the same map, which involves both substitution and permutation functions.A The last unit of ammunition consequences in the end product dwelling of 64-bits that are a map of the input plaintext and the key. The left and the right halves of the end product are swapped to bring forth the preoutput. The preoutput is passed through a concluding substitution ( IP-1 ) , an opposite of the initial substitution map to accomplish the 64-bit ciphertext. The overall procedure for DES is explained in the diagram below Figure: General Depiction of DES Encryption Algorithm [ 7 page 67 ] The right manus side of the diagram explains how the 56-bit key is used during the procedure. The key is passed through a substitution map ab initio and so for each of the 16 rounds a subkey ( Ki ) is generated, by uniting left round displacement and a substitution. For every unit of ammunition the substitution map is same, but the subkey is different because of the perennial loop of the cardinal spots. Since the acceptance of DES as a criterion, there have ever been concerns about the degree of security provided by it. The two countries of concern in DES are the cardinal length and that the design standard for the internal construction of the DES, the S-boxes, were classified. The issue with the cardinal length was, it was reduced to 56 spots from 128 spots as in the LUCIFER algorithm [ add a new mention ] , which was the base for DES and everyone suspected that this is an tremendous lessening doing it excessively short to defy brute-force onslaughts. Besides the user could non be made certain of any weak points in the internal construction of DES that would let NSA to decode the messages without the benefit of the key. The recent work on differential cryptanalytics and subsequent events indicated that the internal construction of DES is really strong. 2.2.1.2 Triple DES Triple DES was developed as an option to the possible exposure of the criterion DES to a brute-force onslaught. It became really popular in Internet-based applications. Triple DES uses multiple encodings with DES and multiple keys as shown in the figure [ below ] . Triple DES with two keys is comparatively preferable to DES but Triple DES with three keys is preferable overall. The plaintext P is encrypted with the first key K1, so decrypted with the 2nd cardinal K2 and so eventually encrypted once more with the 3rd cardinal K3.According to the figure the ciphertext C is produced as C = EK3 [ DK2 [ EK1 [ P ] ] ] These keys need to be applied in the contrary order while decoding. The ciphertext degree Celsius is decrypted with the 3rd key K3 foremost, so encrypted with the 2nd key K2, and so eventually decrypted once more with the first cardinal K1 ; besides called as Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt ( EDE ) manner, bring forthing the plaintext P as P = DK1 [ EK2 [ DK3 [ C ] ] ] Figure: Triple DES encryption/decryption [ 6 page 72 ] 2.2.1.3 Advanced Encryption Standard 2.3 Encoding in Database Security Organizations are progressively trusting on, perchance distributed, information systems for day-to-day concern ; hence they become more vulnerable to security breaches even as they gain productiveness and efficiency advantages. Database security has gained a significant importance over the period of clip. Database security has ever been about protecting the information information in the signifier of client information, rational belongings, fiscal assets, commercial minutess, and any figure of other records that are retained, managed and used on the systems. The confidentiality and unity of this information needs to be protected as it is converted into information and cognition within the endeavor. Core endeavor informations is stored in relational databases and so offered up via applications to users. These databases typically store the most valuable information assets of an endeavor and are under changeless menace, non merely from the external users but besides from the legitimate users such as sure insiders, ace users, advisers and spouses or possibly their unprotected user histories that compromise the system and take or modify the information for some inappropriate intent. To get down with, sorting the types of information in the database and the security needs associated with them is the first and of import measure. As databases are used in a battalion of ways, it is utile to hold some of the primary maps characterized in order to understand the different security demands. A figure of security techniques have been developed and are being developed for database security, encoding being one of them. Encoding is defined as the procedure of transforming information ( plaintext ) utilizing an encoding algorithm ( cypher ) into indecipherable signifier ( encrypted information called as ciphertext ) doing it unaccessible to anyone without possessing particular cognition to decode the information. The encryption of the informations by a particular algorithm that renders the informations indecipherable by any plan without the decoding key , is called encoding [ 1 ] . 2.3.1 Access Encoding There are multiple grounds for entree control to confidential information in endeavor computer science environments being disputing. Few of them are: First, the figure of information services in an endeavor computer science environment is immense which makes the direction of entree rights indispensable. Second, a client might non cognize which entree rights are necessary in order to be granted entree to the requested information before bespeaking entree. Third, flexible entree rights including context-sensitive restraints must be supported by entree control Access control strategies can be loosely classified in two types: proof-based and encryption-based entree control schemes. In a proof-based strategy, a client needs to piece some entree rights in a cogent evidence of entree, which demonstrates to a service that the client is authorized to entree the requested information . Proof-based entree control is preferred to be used for scenarios where client specific entree rights required are flexible. It becomes easy to include support for restraints if the entree rights are flexible. However, it is non the same instance for covert entree demands. Harmonizing to the bing designs, it is assumed that a service can inform a client of the nature of the needed cogent evidence of entree. The service does non necessitate to turn up the needed entree rights, which can be an expensive undertaking, in proof-based entree control strategy. [ 9 ] In an encryption-based access-control strategy, confidential information is provided to any client in an encrypted signifier by the service. Clients who are authorized to entree the information have the corresponding decoding key. Encryption-based access-control strategy is attractive for scenarios where there are tonss of questions to a service screening the service from holding to run client-specific entree control. As compared to proof-based entree control it is straightforward to add support for covert entree demands to bing encryption-based architectures. In peculiar, all the information is encrypted by the service as usual, but the client is non told about the corresponding decoding key to utilize. The client has a set of decoding keys, the client now needs to seek this set for a duplicate key. On the other manus, sing that cardinal direction should stay simple, it is less straightforward to add support for restraints on entree rights to the proposed architectures. [ 10 ] 2.3.1.1 Encryption-Based Access Control Encryption-based entree control is attractive, in instance there are tonss of petitions for the same information, as it is independent of the single clients publishing these petitions. For illustration, an information point can be encrypted one time and the service can utilize the ciphertext for replying multiple petitions. However, covering with restraints on entree rights and with coarseness cognizant entree rights becomes hard with the unvarying intervention of petitions. Further challenges are presented in instances of covert entree demands and service-independent entree rights. The chief demands for encoding based entree control are: u Any cognition about the used encoding key or the needed decoding key must non be revealed by the encrypted information. u For decoding encrypted information, each value of a restraint must necessitate a separate key that should be accessible merely under the given constraint/value combination and we want a strategy that supports hierarchal restraints to do cardinal direction simple. u The decoding key for farinaceous information should be derivable from the key for powdered information to further simplify cardinal direction. u A individual decoding key will be used to decode the same information offered by multiple services as implied by the service-independent entree rights. Because of this, same information can be accessed by a service coding information offered by other services in a symmetric cryptosystem. This job can be avoided by utilizing asymmetric cryptosystem. [ 8 ] 2.3.1.2 Encryption-Based Access Control Techniques An access-control architecture will be an ideal one if the entree rights are simple to pull off ; the system is constrainable and is cognizant of coarseness. The architecture besides has to be asymmetric, provide identity, and be personalizable in the instance of proof-based entree control. Some common encryption-based entree control techniques are: Identity Based Encryption An identity-based encoding strategy is specified by four randomised algorithms: u Apparatus: takes a security parametric quantity K and returns system parametric quantities and master-key. The system parametric quantities include a description of a finite message infinite m and a description of a finite ciphertext infinite c. Intuitively, the system parametric quantities will be publically known, while the master-key will be known merely to the Private Key Generator ( PKG ) . u Infusion: takes as input system parametric quantities, master-key, and an arbitrary ID I µ { 0,1 } * , and returns a private key d. ID is an arbitrary twine which is so used as a public key, and vitamin D is the corresponding private decoding key. The Extract algorithm extracts a private key from the given public key. u Encrypt: takes as input system parametric quantities, ID, and M I µ m. It returns a ciphertext C I µ degree Celsius. u Decrypt: takes as input system parametric quantities, C I µ degree Celsius, and a private key d. It returns M I µ m. Standard consistence restraint must be satisfied by these algorithms, particularly when vitamin D is the private key generated by algorithm Extract when it is given ID as the public key, so a?ˆ M I µ m: Decrypt ( params, vitamin D ) = M where C = Encrypt ( params, ID, M ) A A [ 11 ] Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption One of the first practical IBE strategy was presented by Boneh and Franklin. Gentry and Silverberg [ 7 ] introduced Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption strategy based on Boneh and Franklin s work. In HIBE, private keys are given out by a root PKG to the bomber PKGs, which so in bend distribute p

Ive Watched Agents Laugh

Ive Watched Agents Laugh Having been to my fair share of conferences, Ive picked up a habit that started during a frustrating conference in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. I noted that the sea of agents in attendance tended to cluster. They whispered to each other, stealing glances at other attendees. As a shy writer, I truly understood partnering with a like soul at a strange event, and assumed that was their motive. But at the banquet, the agents filled a couple of tables en masse, not sitting with any of the writers who paid to brush elbows with these professionals. They texted, emailed, chuckled, and passed notes to each other as the keynote was delivered. I recall writing down all their names, vowing never to submit to them (Ha! Showed them, huh!?), but better yet, never placing them in my newsletter. To this day I study agents at events, watching to see if they are taking the conference seriously, or if they seem to be just putting in their hours until they can fly back to New York. But a BIG however goes right here. Not all agents are like that. Ive met some quite pleasant ones. And diligent ones. And ones that believe to the tips of their toes that their authors are grand. Just like not all self-published books come up lacking, not all agents are arrogant. We cannot afford to lump self-publishing, traditional publishing, agents and publishers into walled boxes of stereotypes. Each and every category has its shining stars . . . and its flawed participants. Thats why you do your homework to learn the facts, not the rumor and opinion, of each tentacle in this octopus we call publishing. Ive already been chastised this month But you have to know what you are doing. You cant self-publish and expect other people to do it for you. You have to be resilient and innovative, doing the things that a traditional publisher usually does . . . what an agent usually does. Accept the responsibility and do it right. Use the proper rules and tools to make your work professional, not homespun. Not jerry-rigged. Not amateur. What if I told you never to paint your bedroom, grow your garden or fix your car? What if I told you the only way to deal with these do-it-yourself tasks was to hire a professional? Youd balk, because some of us are very equipped to handle DIY ventures. I just painted my bedroom and my garden is glorious. But Ill hire a mechanic. Its all in knowing our strengths and weaknesses capitalizing on our skills yet recognizing when to fall back on the skills of others.

Decisions in Paradise III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decisions in Paradise III - Essay Example With newspaper or Third Estate being a key part of optimal democracy, the people and importantly responsible government could welcome it. Factors affecting the decision As discussed in the case scenario, there are certain internal as well as external environmental factors, which could impede CBTL’s plan of launching the new business. When one focuses on the external factor, the main problem is the destructive and inconsistent weather pattern in Kava. Kava being in the â€Å"danger zone† of many natural disasters including earthquakes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, etc, any business initiative of CBTL in Kava has to face its repercussions. These natural phenomenons have the power to completely destroy the newspaper office and its network, if the intensity is greater or even closer to the newspaper infrastructure. Although, CBTL can technologically safeguard its infrastructure and network, it cannot be fully trusted, until it effectively faces and survives a disaster. Th at is, there will be skepticism regarding how CBTL can protect its infrastructure, creating doubts even among the upper management and stakeholders of the CBTL. This could lead to blocking of finances for the project, thereby making the newspaper plan unsuccessful. In addition, the upper management could raise skepticism about the reconstruction costs, which may be incurred on the CBTL, if the technological safeguarding does not work out well and the infrastructure gets destroyed. So, the solution mainly focuses on building a strong and disaster proof infrastructure for the newspaper office and its network, even building at a safer location. Resources and actions required Natural phenomenon could wreck CBTL’s business plans and could even diminish any chances of it developing a hold in Kava. Thus, all the natural and even man-made factors, which could destroy or even impede the newspaper plan has to be solved through certain measures. As part of these plans, the newspaper off ice including its network has to be located in a safe and secured location within the islands. Although, most of Kava is disaster prone, locations with minimal threat level can be selected after good study of the geography and importantly after analyzing previous incidences of natural disasters. After finding a safe location, CBTL can put all its technological resources to build a stronger and effective infrastructure, which will be able to withstand most of the natural phenomenon. To further make its investment in the infrastructure foolproof, CBTL can go for insurance cover. With the insurance scheme, CBTL can be financially protected in the case of disasters, and could do the reconstruction with that option. In addition, to further strengthen its business and also to fulfill CSR, CBTL can recruit local people for jobs in the newspaper office. Qualified and equipped employees can provide good employment option for CTBL. Ethical aspects A lack of business ethics on the part of orga nizations and corporate leaders can contribute sizably to the demise of the organization (Adadevoh, n. d). When CTBL carries out various steps to solve the threats to its newspaper plan, it could also lead to some ethical issues. As mentioned above, as part of CSR and also to tap good talent, CTBL can recruit local people for its newspaper operations. However, with HIV having incidence rate in Kava and with the targeted population of youth being the main sufferers, there may be ethical dilemmas on

Corporations and a Sustainable World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporations and a Sustainable World - Essay Example It began during the Industrial Age when the machines increased the productivity of manufacturers. Before, they were a group of people who were hired by the government to perform particular functions, like building bridges for the public. It was supposed to be a subordinate entity a gift given by the people to serve the public good. But somewhere along history, corporate lawyers cited the Fourteenth Amendment (not to deprive any person of life, liberty or property). This made the corporation protection because it can now own, buy and sell things, borrow money, sue and be sued and can carry a business. Corporation starts when the government gives a charter to a group of people who want a limited liability when it comes to business. Because of the charter, incorporations are taken by the law as individuals. The movie analyzed the character of this â€Å"individual† and made the audience realize how the corporations that the majority knows, is not what it is, but rather an ideal c onstruct of the corporation so that the public would like them, thus would let them produce more money. As said before, the corporation is made up of various people. They are formed to protect the corporation itself, which means generating money for the corporation. Doing this job causes harm to workers, like: low salaries, lay-offs, union bustings, etc. These decisions are made so that the company can cut the cost of their operations yet deliver the same quality of goods to the consumers. The film put a spotlight on the sweatshops. The products sold in the department stores that are sold for $ 31 are actually being made at factories in Third World countries for 3 cents per hour. The discrepancy is obvious. But according to Michael Walker, this is a good thing, because they give opportunity to people who have â€Å"nothing to offer but their low cost labor†. Basically, they use the people’s need for employment as a resource to outsource their need for low cost labor. H owever, these people who make decisions for the corporation, which is a legal structure, just the same as a building, are moral people with moral responsibilities. Sam Gibara, a former CEO of Goodyear, Inc. states that his personality as a person is different than that of his personality as a CEO. The priorities shift when he is on the job because of the demands of the job that requires him to make certain touchy decisions, like laying off people. Even the former chairman of the Royal Dutch Shell, Sir Mark Moody Stuart stated that they have the same concerns as with the activists, as he interviewed public demonstrators who tried to rally in their house. These ideas of inequality reflect the conflict approach in sociology, specifically the conflict of class approach. Karl Marx presented this idea, which is appropriate since he also introduced the idea of capitalism, which is basically the spirit of the corporation. The conflict approach originated from Marx’s ideas and writing s on class struggles. This theory focuses on the negative aspects of the society, making a way for improvements to happen, because of shortcomings (Schaefer, 423). This film presents the shortcomings of the corporation, along with the opinions of the people who defend it. The movie pokes the sensibilities of the audience who may or may not act on the situation that demands change for the improvement of the way the corporations are being run. This is a perfect example of the